The Poetry of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Southern Ceredigion

Barddoniaeth De Ceredigion yn y Bedwaredd Ganrif ar Ddeg a'r Bymthegfed Ganrif

Nigel Blake, M.A.

Abbreviations

Byrfoddau

BLlRhN

Headley, M. (gol.) (1938), Barddoniaeth Llawden a Rhys Nanmor, (M.A. Prifysgol Cymru)

DapG.net

http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net

DNB

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [Online]. Available at http://www.oxforddnb.com/

DWB

Dictionary of Welsh Biography [Online]. Available at http://yba.llgc.org.uk

Dwnn

Dwnn, L. (1846), Heraldic Visitations of Wales and Part of the Marches, Vol I, Llandovery: Welsh MSS Society.

GDIDaGIH

Davies, A.E (1992), Gwaith Deio ap Ieuan Du a Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen, Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru

GG.net

Guto'r Glyn.net. (2013), Available at: http://www.gutorglyn.net, (accessed October 2016).

GG.net:AL

Salisbury, E. and Lewis, B. (2013), Guto'r Glyn: A Life, Available at: http://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/biog/, (accessed October 2016).

GGG

Williams, J.Ll. (ca), Williams, I. (gol.) (1939) Gwaith Guto'r Glyn, Caerdydd, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

GGLl

Ifans, R. (gol.)(2000). Gwaith Gruffudd Llwyd a'r Llygliwiaid eraill (Cyfres Beirdd yr Uchelwyr). Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.

GID

Williams, I. (gol.) (1909), Cagliad o Waith Ieuan Deulwyn o Wahanol Ysgriflyfrfau, Bangor: Welsh Manuscript Society.

GIG

Johnston, D. (gol.) (1988), Gwaith Iolo Goch, Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru

GLGC

Johnston, D. (gol.) (1995), Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi, Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru

GLlG

Johnston, D. (gol.) (1998), Gwaith Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen, Aberystwyth

GSCyf

Daniel, R.I. (gol.)(1998), Gwaith Dafydd Bach ap Madago Wladaidd 'Sypyn Cyfeiliog' a Llywelyn ab y Moel, Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.

IG

Johnston, D. (ed.) (1993), Iolo Goch: Poems, Llandysul: Gomer

IGE2

Lewis, H., Roberts, T. and Williams, I. (1937), Cywyddau Iolo Goch ac Eraill, 1350-1450, Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

LlU

Johnston, D. (2014), Llen yr Uchelwyr: Hanes Beirniadol Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg 1300-1525, Caerdydd.

MWPSS

Lewis, B. (ed.) (2015), Medieval Welsh Poems to Saints and Shrines, Dublin: DIAS.

NBSA

Roberts, D.H.E (1968), 'Noddwyr y beirdd yn Sir Aberteifi', Llen Cymru, Vol 10, 1,2, Jan-July.

PWLGC

Parry, J and Jones, J. (1837), Poetical Works of Lewys Glyn Cothi, Oxford, Vol 1 and 2.

PWLMA

Griffiths, R. (1972), The Principality of Wales in the Later Middle Ages, Cardiff: University of Wales

PWDN

Roberts, T (ed.) and Williams, I. (rev) (1923), Poetical Works of Dafydd Nanmor, Cardiff

TDW(V2)

Lewis, S. (1845), Topographical Dictionary of Wales, Vol II, London.

TYP4

Bromwich, R (ed.). (2014), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru

[Welsh translation to be added]

1. Introduction

1. Cyflwyniad

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2. Setting the Scene

2. Gosod y Cefndir

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3. Deio ap Ieuan Du

3. Deio ap Ieuan Du

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4. Dafydd Nanmor

4. Dafydd Nanmor

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5. Lewys Glyn Cothi

5. Lewys Glyn Cothi

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6. Dafydd ap Gwilym

6. Dafydd ap Gwilym

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7. Iolo Goch

7. Iolo Goch

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8. Gruffudd Llwyd

8. Gruffudd Llwyd

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9. Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen

9. Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen

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10. Guto'r Glyn

10. Guto'r Glyn

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11. Ieuan Deulwyn

11. Ieuan Deulwyn

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12. Rhys Nanmor

12. Rhys Nanmor

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13. Concluding Comments

13. Sylwadau i Gloi

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Appendix 1 - Bibliography

Atodiad 1 - Llyfryddiaeth

Bartrum, P. C and Prosiect AHRC ar Welsh Genealogies (2010), Cydifor ap Dinawal 6, Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Aberystwyth. (http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2160/5250 last accessed Dec 2nd 2016).

St. Bonaventure, Bringing Forth Christ: Five Feasts of the Child Jesus, Translated by Eric Dolyle ofm (1984), Oxford: SLG Press.

Bromwich, R (1997) 'Dafydd ap Gwilym', in Jarmon, A.O.H and Hughes, G.R (Eds), Johnston D (Revision), A Guide to Welsh Literature 1582-c.1550 - Vol II, Cardiff, ch 5, pp.95-125.

Bromwich, R (1997) 'The Earlier Cywyddwyr; Poets Contemporary with Dafydd ap Gwilym' in Jarmon, A.O.H and Hughes, G.R (Eds), Johnston D (Revision), A Guide to Welsh Literature 1582-c.1550 - Vol II, Cardiff, ch 6, pp.126-149.

Bromwich, R (1982), Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Selection of Poems, Llandysul.

Bromwich, R (ed.). (2014), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, 4th edn. Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru

Carr, A. D. (1997), 'The Historical Background 1482-1550', in Jarman, A.O.H. & Hughes, G. R (eds.), Johnston, D. (Revised) A Guide to Welsh Literature 1282-1550, Vol II, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Caerwyn Williams, J. E. (1994), The Poets of the Welsh Princes, Cardiff: University of Wales.

Conran, T. (1986), Welsh Verse, Southampton: Camelot Press.

Dafydd ap Gwilym.net (2007), 'The poems', Available at: http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net/cym/3win.htm.

Daniel, R. I. (gol.)(1998), Gwaith Dafydd Bach ap Madago Wladaidd 'Sypyn Cyfeiliog' a Llywelyn ab y Moel, Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.

Davies, A. E. (gol.)(1992), Gwaith Deio ap Ieuan Du a Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen, Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru.

Davies, J. (2007), A History of Wales, London: Penguin.

Davies, R. R. (2000), The Age of Conquest Wales 1063-1415, Oxford: University Press.

Davies, R.R. and Morgan, G. (tr.) (2009), Owain Glyndwr : Prince of Wales, Y Lolfa, Talybont.

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [Online]. Available at http://www.oxforddnb.com/

Edwards, H. M (1996), Dafydd ap Gwilym: Influences and Analogues, Oxford: Clarenden Press.

Dwnn, L. (1846), Heraldic Visitations of Wales and Part of the Marches, Vol I, Llandovery: Welsh MSS Society.

Edwards, H. M (2007), 'The Literary Context', Dafydd ap Gwilym.net, Available at: http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net/essays/bardd_poet/index_cym.php (Accessed October 5th 2016).

Ellis, M.G (1959), Rhys Nanmor, (fl.1480-1513), poet a native of Merioneth, in Dictionary of Welsh Biography [Online]. Available at http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-RHYS-NAN-1480.html (Accessed October 20th 2016).

Evans, H. T (1915), Wales and the Wars of the Roses, Cambridge: University Press, ch I.

Evans, F. E, Lewis, B and Owen, A. P (gol.) (2013), 'Gwalch Cywyddau Gwyr': Ysgrifau ar Guto'r Glyn a Chymru'r Bymthegefed Ganrif = Essays on Guto'r Glyn and Fifteenth-Century Wales, Aberystwyth, ch 3,4,5.

Foss, E. (1851), The Judges of England; with sketches of their lives, and miscellaneous notices connected with the courts at Westminster from the time of the Conquest, Vol IV, 1377-1485.

Fulton, H. (2007), Dafydd ap Gwilym and the European Context, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Fulton, H. (2013), 'Guto'r Glyn and the Wars of the Roses' in Evans, F.E, Lewys, B and Owen, A.P (gol.), Ysgrifau ar Guto'r Glyn a Chymru'r Bymthegefed Ganrif = Essays on Guto'r Glyn and Fifteenth-Century Wales, Aberystwyth, ch 2, pp.53-68.

Griffiths Ralph. (1972), The Principality of Wales in the Later Middle Ages, Cardiff.

Griffiths, R. (2013), 'Mwy o Gyrmro na Iorcaid' in Evans, F. E, Lewis, B and Owen, A.P (gol.), Ysgrifau ar Guto'r Glyn a Chymru'r Bymthegefed Ganrif = Essays on Guto'r Glyn and Fifteenth-Century Wales, Aberystwyth, pp. 69-82.

Guto'r Glyn.net. (2013), Available at: http://www.gutorglyn.net, (accessed October 2016).

Headley, M. (gol.) (1938), Barddoniaeth Llawden a Rhys Nanmor, (M.A. Prifysgol Cymru).

Huws, B.O (1998), Y Canu Gofyn a Diolch c.1350-1630. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Huws, B. O, (Book Review), 'Gwaith Deio ap Ieuan Du a Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen', Welsh History Review, Vol 16, nos 1-4, 1992-3, p.555-557

Ifans, R. (gol.) (2000). Gwaith Gruffudd Llwyd a'r Llygliwiaid eraill (Cyfres Beirdd yr Uchelwyr). Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru. - GGLl

Johnston, D. (1983) 'The Serenade and the Image of the House in the Poems of Dafydd ap Gwilym', Cambridge Medieval Studies, Vol 5, Summer. Pp.1-19.

Johnston, D. (gol.)(1988) Gwaith Iolo Goch, Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Johnston, D. (ed.)(1993) Iolo Goch: Poems, Llandysul: Gomer.

Johnston, D (gol.) (1998) Gwaith Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen, Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.

Johnston, D. (gol.)(1995), Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi, Caerdydd.

Johnston, D. (Eds) (1997), A Guide to Welsh Literature, 1282- c.1550, Vol 2, Cardiff: University of Wales.

Johnston, D. (2014), Llen yr Uchelwyr: Hanes Beirniadol Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg 1300-1525, Caerdydd.

Jones, D.E (1943), Some Glimpses of Cardiganshire. Journal of the Welsh Bibliographical Society, July, vol 6, p22.

Jones, E.D (gol.) (1984), Lewys Glyn Cothi (Detholiad), Caerdydd.

Jones, E.D (1997), 'Lewys Glyn Cothi' in A.O.H. Jarman and Gwilym Rees Hughes (Eds), A Guide to Welsh Literature 1282-c.1550, Volume 2, Revision by Dafydd Johnston, Cardiff.

Lewis, B. (ed.) (2015), Medieval Welsh Poems to Saints and Shrines, Dublin: DIAS.

Lewis, H., Roberts, T. and Williams, I. (1937), Cywyddau Iolo Goch ac Eraill, 1350-1450, Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Lewis, S. (1845), Topographical Dictionary of Wales, Vol II, London.

Lewis, S. (1925), 'Dafydd Nanmor', Y Llenor, iv, 135-48.

Lewis, S. (1947), 'The Essence of Welsh Literature' in Jones, A. R & Thomas, G.T. (eds.) (1983), Presenting Saunders Lewis, Cardiff: University of Wales, pp. 154-58.

Looker, R. & Morgan, R., (1959) Dictionary of Welsh Biography - http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-GRUF-LLW-1380.html accessed November 2016.

Lovejoy, A. O. (1936), The Great Chain of Being, Boston USA: Harvard University. (Accessed online, November 29th 2016)

Lloyd, J.E. (1918), 'Owain Glyndwr', Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1918-1919, p.128-145.

Lloyd, D. M (1997), 'Dafydd Nanmor', in Jarman, A.O.H, Hughes, G.R (eds.)

Morgan, L. (2014), A Social Topography of the Commote of Caerwedros in Ceredigion within its Regional Context during the Sixteenth Century, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Oxford University Press. (1971). The Holy Bible: Revised Standard Version Containing the Old and New Testaments with the Apocrypha. Expanded Edition. Oxford; New York.

Parry, T. (1955), A History of Welsh Literature. Translated by H.I. Bell. Oxford.

Parry, T (gol.) (1979), Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym, Caerdydd, (3dd Arg).

Parry, J and Jones, J. (1837), Poetical Works of Lewys Glyn Cothi, Oxford, Vol 1 and Vol 2.

Powell, N. M. W. (2004), 'Dyfalu Dafydd Nanmor', Llen Cymru 27: 86-112

Prosiect AHRC ar Welsh Genealogies P.C. Bartrum (2010). Cydifor ap Dinawal 6, Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Aberystwyth.

Rees, J. F (1959), Rhys ap Thomas, Sir (1449-1525), the chief Welsh supporter of Henry VII in Dictionary of Welsh Biography [Online]. Available at http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-RHYS-APT-1449.html (Accessed October 20th 2016).

Roberts, D.H.E (1968), 'Noddwyr y Beirdd yn Sir Aberteifi', Llen Cymru, Cyfrol 10, Rhifyn 1 a 2, Ionor-Gorfffennaf.

Roberts, D. H. E (1969), Noddwyr y Beirdd yn Sir Aberteifi, MA traethawd, Aberystwyth.

Roberts, T (ed.) and Williams, I. (rev) (1923), Poetical Works of Dafydd Nanmor, Cardiff

Roberts, E.P, Gwaith Maredudd ap Rhys a'i Gyfoedion, Aberystwyth, 2003: 8, 43-44.

Rowlands Eurys (1997), 'The Continuing Tradition' in Jarman A.O.H, Hughes G.R,

Rowlands Eurys (1976), Poems of the Cywyddwyr: a selection of cywyddau c.1375 - 1525, Dublin.

Ruddock, G.E. (1992), Dafydd Nanmor, Caernarvon: Gwasg Pantcelyn.

Salisbury, E. and Lewis, B. Guto'r Glyn: A Life, Available at: http://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/biog/, (accessed October 2016).

Thomas, R. J, Taliesin's Grave, Llangynfelyn Parish Web Site, Accessed 1, July 2016, http://www.llangynfelyn.org/dogfennau/bedd_pamffled_rjt.html.

Vicary, S. (1977), The Celtic Church in Wales, London: SPCK.

Williams, Gwyn. A (1979), Madoc: the making of a myth, London: Eyre Methuen.

Williams G (1987), Recovery Reorientation and Reformation: Wales c.1415-1642, Oxford, ch 6,7.

Williams, I. (gol.) (1909), Casgliad o waith Ieuan Deulwyn o wahanonol ysgriflyfrau, Bangor. (Available from digital archives such as archive.org) - GID

Williams, I. (ed.) (1975), The Poems of Taliesin, English version by J.E. Caerwyn Williams, Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Williams, J. Ll. (ca), Williams, I. (gol.) (1939) Gwaith Guto'r Glyn, Caerdydd, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. (GGG)

Bartrum, P. C and Prosiect AHRC ar Welsh Genealogies (2010), Cydifor ap Dinawal 6, Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Aberystwyth. (http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2160/5250 last accessed Dec 2nd 2016).

St. Bonaventure, Bringing Forth Christ: Five Feasts of the Child Jesus, Translated by Eric Dolyle ofm (1984), Oxford: SLG Press.

Bromwich, R (1997) 'Dafydd ap Gwilym', in Jarmon, A.O.H and Hughes, G.R (Eds), Johnston D (Revision), A Guide to Welsh Literature 1582-c.1550 - Vol II, Cardiff, ch 5, pp.95-125.

Bromwich, R (1997) 'The Earlier Cywyddwyr; Poets Contemporary with Dafydd ap Gwilym' in Jarmon, A.O.H and Hughes, G.R (Eds), Johnston D (Revision), A Guide to Welsh Literature 1582-c.1550 - Vol II, Cardiff, ch 6, pp.126-149.

Bromwich, R (1982), Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Selection of Poems, Llandysul.

Bromwich, R (ed.). (2014), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, 4th edn. Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru

Carr, A. D. (1997), 'The Historical Background 1482-1550', in Jarman, A.O.H. & Hughes, G. R (eds.), Johnston, D. (Revised) A Guide to Welsh Literature 1282-1550, Vol II, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Caerwyn Williams, J. E. (1994), The Poets of the Welsh Princes, Cardiff: University of Wales.

Conran, T. (1986), Welsh Verse, Southampton: Camelot Press.

Dafydd ap Gwilym.net (2007), 'The poems', Available at: http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net/cym/3win.htm.

Daniel, R. I. (gol.)(1998), Gwaith Dafydd Bach ap Madago Wladaidd 'Sypyn Cyfeiliog' a Llywelyn ab y Moel, Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.

Davies, A. E. (gol.)(1992), Gwaith Deio ap Ieuan Du a Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen, Caerdydd: Prifysgol Cymru.

Davies, J. (2007), A History of Wales, London: Penguin.

Davies, R. R. (2000), The Age of Conquest Wales 1063-1415, Oxford: University Press.

Davies, R.R. and Morgan, G. (tr.) (2009), Owain Glyndwr : Prince of Wales, Y Lolfa, Talybont.

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [Online]. Available at http://www.oxforddnb.com/

Edwards, H. M (1996), Dafydd ap Gwilym: Influences and Analogues, Oxford: Clarenden Press.

Dwnn, L. (1846), Heraldic Visitations of Wales and Part of the Marches, Vol I, Llandovery: Welsh MSS Society.

Edwards, H. M (2007), 'The Literary Context', Dafydd ap Gwilym.net, Available at: http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net/essays/bardd_poet/index_cym.php (Accessed October 5th 2016).

Ellis, M.G (1959), Rhys Nanmor, (fl.1480-1513), poet a native of Merioneth, in Dictionary of Welsh Biography [Online]. Available at http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-RHYS-NAN-1480.html (Accessed October 20th 2016).

Evans, H. T (1915), Wales and the Wars of the Roses, Cambridge: University Press, ch I.

Evans, F. E, Lewis, B and Owen, A. P (gol.) (2013), 'Gwalch Cywyddau Gwyr': Ysgrifau ar Guto'r Glyn a Chymru'r Bymthegefed Ganrif = Essays on Guto'r Glyn and Fifteenth-Century Wales, Aberystwyth, ch 3,4,5.

Foss, E. (1851), The Judges of England; with sketches of their lives, and miscellaneous notices connected with the courts at Westminster from the time of the Conquest, Vol IV, 1377-1485.

Fulton, H. (2007), Dafydd ap Gwilym and the European Context, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Fulton, H. (2013), 'Guto'r Glyn and the Wars of the Roses' in Evans, F.E, Lewys, B and Owen, A.P (gol.), Ysgrifau ar Guto'r Glyn a Chymru'r Bymthegefed Ganrif = Essays on Guto'r Glyn and Fifteenth-Century Wales, Aberystwyth, ch 2, pp.53-68.

Griffiths Ralph. (1972), The Principality of Wales in the Later Middle Ages, Cardiff.

Griffiths, R. (2013), 'Mwy o Gyrmro na Iorcaid' in Evans, F. E, Lewis, B and Owen, A.P (gol.), Ysgrifau ar Guto'r Glyn a Chymru'r Bymthegefed Ganrif = Essays on Guto'r Glyn and Fifteenth-Century Wales, Aberystwyth, pp. 69-82.

Guto'r Glyn.net. (2013), Available at: http://www.gutorglyn.net, (accessed October 2016).

Headley, M. (gol.) (1938), Barddoniaeth Llawden a Rhys Nanmor, (M.A. Prifysgol Cymru).

Huws, B.O (1998), Y Canu Gofyn a Diolch c.1350-1630. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Huws, B. O, (Book Review), 'Gwaith Deio ap Ieuan Du a Gwilym ab Ieuan Hen', Welsh History Review, Vol 16, nos 1-4, 1992-3, p.555-557

Ifans, R. (gol.) (2000). Gwaith Gruffudd Llwyd a'r Llygliwiaid eraill (Cyfres Beirdd yr Uchelwyr). Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru. - GGLl

Johnston, D. (1983) 'The Serenade and the Image of the House in the Poems of Dafydd ap Gwilym', Cambridge Medieval Studies, Vol 5, Summer. Pp.1-19.

Johnston, D. (gol.)(1988) Gwaith Iolo Goch, Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Johnston, D. (ed.)(1993) Iolo Goch: Poems, Llandysul: Gomer.

Johnston, D (gol.) (1998) Gwaith Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen, Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.

Johnston, D. (gol.)(1995), Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi, Caerdydd.

Johnston, D. (Eds) (1997), A Guide to Welsh Literature, 1282- c.1550, Vol 2, Cardiff: University of Wales.

Johnston, D. (2014), Llen yr Uchelwyr: Hanes Beirniadol Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg 1300-1525, Caerdydd.

Jones, D.E (1943), Some Glimpses of Cardiganshire. Journal of the Welsh Bibliographical Society, July, vol 6, p22.

Jones, E.D (gol.) (1984), Lewys Glyn Cothi (Detholiad), Caerdydd.

Jones, E.D (1997), 'Lewys Glyn Cothi' in A.O.H. Jarman and Gwilym Rees Hughes (Eds), A Guide to Welsh Literature 1282-c.1550, Volume 2, Revision by Dafydd Johnston, Cardiff.

Lewis, B. (ed.) (2015), Medieval Welsh Poems to Saints and Shrines, Dublin: DIAS.

Lewis, H., Roberts, T. and Williams, I. (1937), Cywyddau Iolo Goch ac Eraill, 1350-1450, Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Lewis, S. (1845), Topographical Dictionary of Wales, Vol II, London.

Lewis, S. (1925), 'Dafydd Nanmor', Y Llenor, iv, 135-48.

Lewis, S. (1947), 'The Essence of Welsh Literature' in Jones, A. R & Thomas, G.T. (eds.) (1983), Presenting Saunders Lewis, Cardiff: University of Wales, pp. 154-58.

Looker, R. & Morgan, R., (1959) Dictionary of Welsh Biography - http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-GRUF-LLW-1380.html accessed November 2016.

Lovejoy, A. O. (1936), The Great Chain of Being, Boston USA: Harvard University. (Accessed online, November 29th 2016)

Lloyd, J.E. (1918), 'Owain Glyndwr', Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1918-1919, p.128-145.

Lloyd, D. M (1997), 'Dafydd Nanmor', in Jarman, A.O.H, Hughes, G.R (eds.)

Morgan, L. (2014), A Social Topography of the Commote of Caerwedros in Ceredigion within its Regional Context during the Sixteenth Century, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Oxford University Press. (1971). The Holy Bible: Revised Standard Version Containing the Old and New Testaments with the Apocrypha. Expanded Edition. Oxford; New York.

Parry, T. (1955), A History of Welsh Literature. Translated by H.I. Bell. Oxford.

Parry, T (gol.) (1979), Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym, Caerdydd, (3dd Arg).

Parry, J and Jones, J. (1837), Poetical Works of Lewys Glyn Cothi, Oxford, Vol 1 and Vol 2.

Powell, N. M. W. (2004), 'Dyfalu Dafydd Nanmor', Llen Cymru 27: 86-112

Prosiect AHRC ar Welsh Genealogies P.C. Bartrum (2010). Cydifor ap Dinawal 6, Adran y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Aberystwyth.

Rees, J. F (1959), Rhys ap Thomas, Sir (1449-1525), the chief Welsh supporter of Henry VII in Dictionary of Welsh Biography [Online]. Available at http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-RHYS-APT-1449.html (Accessed October 20th 2016).

Roberts, D.H.E (1968), 'Noddwyr y Beirdd yn Sir Aberteifi', Llen Cymru, Cyfrol 10, Rhifyn 1 a 2, Ionor-Gorfffennaf.

Roberts, D. H. E (1969), Noddwyr y Beirdd yn Sir Aberteifi, MA traethawd, Aberystwyth.

Roberts, T (ed.) and Williams, I. (rev) (1923), Poetical Works of Dafydd Nanmor, Cardiff

Roberts, E.P, Gwaith Maredudd ap Rhys a'i Gyfoedion, Aberystwyth, 2003: 8, 43-44.

Rowlands Eurys (1997), 'The Continuing Tradition' in Jarman A.O.H, Hughes G.R,

Rowlands Eurys (1976), Poems of the Cywyddwyr: a selection of cywyddau c.1375 - 1525, Dublin.

Ruddock, G.E. (1992), Dafydd Nanmor, Caernarvon: Gwasg Pantcelyn.

Salisbury, E. and Lewis, B. Guto'r Glyn: A Life, Available at: http://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/biog/, (accessed October 2016).

Thomas, R. J, Taliesin's Grave, Llangynfelyn Parish Web Site, Accessed 1, July 2016, http://www.llangynfelyn.org/dogfennau/bedd_pamffled_rjt.html.

Vicary, S. (1977), The Celtic Church in Wales, London: SPCK.

Williams, Gwyn. A (1979), Madoc: the making of a myth, London: Eyre Methuen.

Williams G (1987), Recovery Reorientation and Reformation: Wales c.1415-1642, Oxford, ch 6,7.

Williams, I. (gol.) (1909), Casgliad o waith Ieuan Deulwyn o wahanonol ysgriflyfrau, Bangor. (Available from digital archives such as archive.org) - GID

Williams, I. (ed.) (1975), The Poems of Taliesin, English version by J.E. Caerwyn Williams, Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Williams, J. Ll. (ca), Williams, I. (gol.) (1939) Gwaith Guto'r Glyn, Caerdydd, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. (GGG)

Appendix 2 - Glossary of Terms

Atodiad 2 - Geirfa Termau

Awdl

Poem composed of a series of monorhyme stanzas, poem using one metre, poem using one or more of the twenty-four traditional Welsh metres (http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?awdl)

Ceasura (L)

Pause or a break in the line.

Cyhydedd wythban

Verses of four lines of eight syllables, each rhyming on the last syllable.

Cyhydedd naw ban

This is groups of four lines of nine syllables per line with a common rhyme in each four. Each line should include cynghanedd. See also Alan Llwyd, 'Anghenion y Gynghanedd', (2007),251.

Cyhydedd hir

A metrical double line of 19 syllables, having four parts of 5, 5, 5, 4 syllables, the first three rhyming together and the fourth supporting the chief rhyme. (http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?cyhydedd)

Cymeriad

A letter, word, phrase that repeats itself at the beginning of each line.

Cynghanedd

'The system of consonance or alliteration in Welsh strict metre poetry' (GPC) that enables patterns of consonants and syllables to rhyme and match according to certain rules. The patterns are usually referred to as Sain, Croes, Llusg and Draws. The poet thus creates rhythms and patterns of sound with the words held together using these rules.

Cyrch Cymeriad

A word from the end of one englyn is used to start the next.

Cywydd

A poem cousisting of couplets of seven syllables. Each couplet rhyming on the final stressed or unstressed syllable. Each line of the couplet in cynghanedd.

Cywydd cymod

A cywydd seeking reconciliation between parties.

Cywyddau darogan

Cywyddau that make predictions, prophecies, attempt to say something about likely events in the future. See p.41

Cywydd dadolwch

Cywydd expressing remorse and an apology. For example Dafydd Nanmor's apology to Rhys ap Maredudd of Tywyn (PWDN IV).

Dyfalu

To make a simile or comparison, liken, compare; describe any object (horse, plough, ship, a maiden's tresses, &c.) by means of numerous comparisons (an ingenious literary device in which the medieval 'cywyddwyr' revelled and excelled), delineate, depict. - Geriadur Prifysgol Cymru. (http://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?dyfalu)

Englyn unodl union

The most common type of Englyn formed by couplet in toddaid byr followed by a couplet in deuair hirion form. See page the example by Dafydd Nanmor on page 32

Engyln unodl crwca

Turns the englyn unodl union upside down, with the couplet of lines formed by the toddaid coming last.

Gair Cyrch

Word(s) following rhyme-word in a first line of 'englyn'; end word of a line rhyming with a word in the middle of the next line. (GPC)

Gwadodyn Byr

Two lines of nine syllables followed by a toddaid hir (PWDN,125). A toddaid hir is a type of 'cyhydedd hir', with the syllable preceding the 'gair cyrch' in the first line maintaining the end-rhyme, and the 'gair cyrch' rhyming with the word preceding the break in the second line. (GPC). Gwawdodyn byr is similar to the englyn unodl crwca that turns the englyn unodl union upside down, with the couplet of lines formed by the toddaid coming last. In the Gwadodyn byr the first couplet are two lines of nine syllables in cynghanedd, rhyming on the last line. The rhyme continues into the toddaid as expected.

Marwnad

A poem written to pay tribute to a person after his or her death, a poetic eulogy.

Mawl

Praise

Toddaid

This has a rhyme between the last syllable of the gair gyrch and the syllable of the word preceding the ceasura (break) in the fourth line, also a rhyme between syllable preceding the gair gyrch of the 3rd line and the the final syllable of a word on the fourth line. Cynghanedd is required on every line.

Awdl

Cerdd wedi'i chyfansoddi o gyfres o benillion unodl, cerdd yn defnyddio un mesur, cerdd yn defnyddio un neu fwy o bedwar mesur traddodiadol Cymraeg ar hugain (http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?awdl)

Ceasura (Ll)

Seibiant neu doriad yn y llinell.

Cyhydedd wythban

Penillion o bedair llinell o wyth sillaf, pob un yn odli ar y sillaf olaf.

Cyhydedd naw ban

Grwpiau o bedair llinell o naw sillaf y llinell gydag odl gyffredin ym mhob pedair. Dylai pob llinell gynnwys cynghanedd. Gweler hefyd Alan Llwyd, 'Anghenion y Gynghanedd', (2007),251.

Cyhydedd hir

Llinell ddwbl fesur o 19 sillaf, gyda phedair rhan o 5, 5, 5, 4 sillaf, y tair cyntaf yn odli gyda'i gilydd a'r pedwerydd yn cynnal y brif odl. (http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?cyhydedd)

Cymeriad

Llythyren, gair, ymadrodd sy'n ailadrodd ei hun ar ddechrau pob llinell.

Cynghanedd

'System o gydseiniaeth neu gyflythrennu mewn barddoniaeth mesur caeth Cymraeg' (GPC) sy'n galluogi patrymau o gytseiniaid a sillafau i odli a chyd-fynd yn ôl rheolau penodol. Cyfeirir at y patrymau fel arfer fel Sain, Croes, Llusg a Draws. Mae'r bardd felly yn creu rhythmau a phatrymau sain gyda'r geiriau wedi'u dal ynghyd gan ddefnyddio'r rheolau hyn.

Cyrch Cymeriad

Defnyddir gair o ddiwedd un englyn i ddechrau'r nesaf.

Cywydd

Cerdd yn cynnwys cypledi o saith sillaf. Pob cwpled yn odli ar y sillaf acennog neu ddiacen olaf. Pob llinell o'r cwpled mewn cynghanedd.

Cywydd cymod

Cywydd yn ceisio cymodi rhwng partïon.

Cywyddau darogan

Cywyddau sy'n gwneud rhagfynegiadau, proffwydoliaethau, ceisio dweud rhywbeth am ddigwyddiadau tebygol yn y dyfodol. Gweler t.41

Cywydd dadolwch

Cywydd yn mynegi edifeirwch ac ymddiheuriad. Er enghraifft ymddiheuriad Dafydd Nanmor i Rhys ap Maredudd o Dywyn (PWDN IV).

Dyfalu

Gwneud cymhariaeth neu gymhariaeth, tebygu, cymharu; disgrifio unrhyw wrthrych (ceffyl, aradr, llong, gwallt morwyn, &c.) drwy gyfrwng cymariaethau niferus (dyfais lenyddol ddyfeisgar yr oedd y 'cywyddwyr' canoloesol yn ymhyfrydu ac yn rhagori ynddi), amlinellu, darlunio. - Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru. (http://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?dyfalu)

Englyn unodl union

Y math mwyaf cyffredin o Englyn a ffurfiwyd gan gwpled mewn ffurf toddaid byr ac yna cwpled mewn ffurf deuair hirion. Gweler yr enghraifft gan Dafydd Nanmor ar dudalen 32

Engyln unodl crwca

Troi'r englyn unodl union â'i ben i lawr, gyda'r cwpled o linellau a ffurfiwyd gan y toddaid yn dod yn olaf.

Gair Cyrch

Gair(iau) yn dilyn gair-odl yn llinell gyntaf 'englyn'; gair olaf llinell yn odli â gair yng nghanol y llinell nesaf. (GPC)

Gwadodyn Byr

Dwy linell o naw sillaf ac yna toddaid hir (PWDN,125). Mae toddaid hir yn fath o 'cyhydedd hir', gyda'r sillaf sy'n rhagflaenu'r 'gair cyrch' yn y llinell gyntaf yn cynnal yr odl-derfynol, a'r 'gair cyrch' yn odli â'r gair sy'n rhagflaenu'r toriad yn yr ail linell. (GPC). Mae Gwawdodyn byr yn debyg i'r englyn unodl crwca sy'n troi'r englyn unodl union â'i ben i lawr, gyda'r cwpled o linellau a ffurfiwyd gan y toddaid yn dod yn olaf. Yn y Gwadodyn byr, dwy linell o naw sillaf mewn cynghanedd yw'r cwpled cyntaf, yn odli ar y llinell olaf. Mae'r odl yn parhau i mewn i'r toddaid fel y disgwylir.

Marwnad

Cerdd wedi'i hysgrifennu i dalu teyrnged i berson ar ôl ei farwolaeth neu ei marwolaeth, teyrnged farddol.

Mawl

Clod, canmoliaeth

Toddaid

Mae gan hwn odl rhwng sillaf olaf y gair gyrch a sillaf y gair sy'n rhagflaenu'r ceasura (toriad) yn y bedwaredd linell, hefyd odl rhwng sillaf sy'n rhagflaenu gair gyrch y 3ydd linell a sillaf olaf gair ar y bedwaredd linell. Mae angen cynghanedd ar bob llinell.

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